The Access Initiative

Topics: Access to Justice

The Human Right of Access to Public Information Strengthens in Paraguayan Courts

Published: 2008

On Friday, May 2, the Third Division of the Civil and Commercial Court of Appeals of Asunción overturned a First Instance decision and ruled in favor of a petition filed by the Ombudsman – with the legal assistance of IDEA’s lawyers- representing citizen Félix Picco Portillo, who had previously requested to access public information at the Municipality of Lambaré, without success.

The Court of Appeals, through the opinion of Judge María Mercedes Buongermini Palumbo –to which Judges Neri Villalba Fernández and Arnaldo Martínez Prieto adhered-, held that “the appearance of the right of access to information in the catalog of fundamentals rights is relatively recent”. That, “this right founds its justification on the more generic right –essential to deliberative and participative democracies- of having the freedom to form our own opinion and participate responsibly in public issues; it contributes to the formation of our own opinion as well as public opinion, which is closely linked to political pluralism. It constitutes, thus, in an essential tool for the issues that matter for citizen and collective life, and it is a condition for participation in the management of what is “public”, that is, the system of relations and interrelations that constitute the basic scheme that supports the democratic coexistence”.

The Court of Appeals also held that “any denial to provide information related to a public organization’s structure – even its personnel- or the allocation of public funds, not covered by an exception clause, (…) it is an unjustified measure that infringes the right of access to information established in our Constitution”.

Finally, explaining that it was obiter dictum – that is, an argument that is unnecessary to the decision in the case and therefore not precedential-, the Court of Appeals stated that “the circumstance that the plaintiff hadn’t exposed the object or the finality of his request, that is, the justification of his interest on the information he asked for, it is not an obstacle for the delivery of that information. Such an argument is not proper and it is strange to the exercise of the right of access to information, since this right is justified by itself according to the generic objectives of participation and control in the democratic life, and not in relation to a specific motivation. Demanding a citizen to provide an explanation would be a transgression to this right, imposing requisites not established by the legal norm for its compliance; on the contrary, it would have a secondary effect: it would open the door for a public entity to evaluate the adequacy of the request’s reason, because no other objective would be deducible or attributable to that requisite”.

The Court of Appeals also imposed the court costs to the Municipality of Lambaré and, on Friday, May 16, Mr. Picco Portillo finally got access to the information he had requested.

Mr. Picco Portillo initiated the amparo action* that ended in this Sentence with the support of the Ombudsman’s Access to Public Information Center – APIC. The APIC was created by Resolution 160/07, in response to a request presented by of the Environmental Law and Economics Institute – IDEA, given its Spanish acronym- within the framework of the “Center and Window of Access to Public Information” Project, supported by the Information and Resources Center for Development – CIRD, given its Spanish acronym- and the financial assistance of the United States Agency for International Development – USAID.

The Ombudsman’s Access to Public Information Center was created to:

Canalize citizen inquiries of access to information that public agencies generate or obtain with public funds. Receive denounces and complains of denial of access to public information. Bring to Justice cases of unjustifiable denial of access to public information.

Attached you will find the Sentence of the Court of Appeals in Spanish. For further information, please contact Ezequiel F. Santagada (ezequiel.santagada@idea.org.py), Coordinator of the “Center and Window of Access to Public Information” Project. Environmental Law and Economics Institute – IDEA, Asunción, Paraguay. Tel/Fax (595-21) 614-619/20.

  • Its parallel in the common law system could be the writ of injunction and the mandamus combined.

Greenwatch Uganda Champions Information Rights

By Lalanath de Silva (Posted: March 4, 2008)

Laws alone are not enough to ensure environmental protection. Civil society organizations often play a critical role in bringing those laws to life. In Uganda, Greenwatch has done exactly that for the country’s laws on access to environmental information, the first of which passed in 1998.

Under Ugandan environmental law, the public has several opportunities to make its voice heard about new development projects. Projects that might affect the environment of Uganda have to be approved by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). Before such projects are approved the developer must perform an Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA), which studies the environmental impacts and examines environmentally friendly alternatives. The law requires that the press announce that the assessment has been performed and that the written results are made available to the public for comment. If comment shows that a project is controversial, NEMA must hold a public hearing.

The public can also challenge NEMA decisions in the Ugandan courts, and that’s where the civil society organization Greenwatch, Uganda (Greenwatch) has distinguished itself. As early as 1999, the organization began suing the government to honor the regulations requiring the assessments.

Although the court refused to stop the signing of the agreement, Greenwatch and other advocates of greater public participation consider the case a partial victory: for the first time, a Ugandan court recognized that concerned advocates could bring a case to vindicate environmental laws. Justice Richard Okumu Wengi of the High Court of Uganda also declared that an assessment and NEMA approval were required before the project could go forward.Greenwatch’s first court challenge of a NEMA decision was to a hydro-electric project funded by the International Finance Corporation and other banks. A utility company – AES Nile Power – was attempting to sign a power purchasing agreement with the Government of Uganda, but the company had not performed an assessment nor had it obtained NEMA approval.

(Citation: NAPE VS AES Nile Power Ltd High Court Misc. cause No. 26 of 1999)

AES Nile Power then proceeded to perform an EIA, and NEMA approved the project. Yet when Greenwatch requested information on the project and the power purchase agreement, the Ugandan Government refused. Review of the power purchase agreement would tell the public if the electricity produced would be affordable and would ease the burden on the environment. Greenwatch sued the Attorney General of Uganda to obtain the document. The court decided that the power purchase agreement and all connected documents were both public documents and therefore ought to be made available to the public.
(Citation: Greenwatch Vs AG & UETCL)

A recent UN report concludes that while Uganda has made remarkable progress in the application of EIA procedures, there is a need to improve key aspects of its application. The report states that there is a “need to further develop approaches to ensure effective public participation in EIA, as well as need to create and strengthen regional and sub-regional EIA networks to complement national efforts for promotion of EIA.”

Greenwatch has also successfully used the space provided for public participation at EIA public hearings to stop the spraying of herbicides on Lake Victoria – the second largest lake in the world and the largest in Africa. Greenwatch produced convincing evidence to show the dangers of pesticide spraying. Greenwatch also showed that the entire operation might not be financially viable because the Ugandan company’s parent company in the U.S.A was bankrupt.

Greenwatch continues to advocate in the public interest today. Most recently, it obtained an interim order against Warid Telecom (U) Ltd., stopping the construction of a telecommunication tower in a residential area. The company had failed to perform an EIA and the residents had fears of a cancerous gas affecting them and the construction noise creating a nuisance. Warid Telecom has challenged these allegations saying that there is no scientific basis for any of them. The application for a temporary injunction will be heard soon.

Greenwatch has been closely associated with The Access Initiative coalition in Uganda and has blazed a trail championing citizen rights of access to information, public participation and access to justice (“access rights”) in environmental matters. It also works closely with the Government of Uganda to train public officers and judges in environmental law.

“Every person has a right to information under the Ugandan Constitution,” says Kenneth Kakuru, the Director of Greenwatch, Uganda. “An Environmental Impact Assessment is a public document.”

Resources and Legal Citations:

Full Judgments and more information can be obtained from the Greenwatch website, www.greenwatch.or.ug.

Audio – Interview with Sheila Abed, Executive Director, IDEA (Paraguay)

By Jospeh Foti (Posted: February, 2008) 

Access Initiative (TAI) partner Instituto de Derecho y Economía Ambiental (Environmental Law and Economics Institute, IDEA) is working to build government capacity to make sure that Paraguay’s growing soybean trade is good for the environment and for workers.

Ms. Abed stopped by WRI recently to talk about IDEA’s work on environmental governance issues in Paraguay and elsewhere.

Listen to Introduction

Current Work
  • How did IDEA come to work on soybeans as an issue? How is it representative of environmental governance issues in Paraguay more generally? Listen
  • IDEA’s current work on the Corpus Dam on the Argentina border. Listen
  • The persistent problem of corruption. Listen
Access Rights in Paraguay
  • Have there been successful examples of public participation in policy setting in Paraguay so far? Listen
  • Partnering with other NGOs and civil society. Listen
  • The benefits of working on local issues with the government ombudsman. Listen
  • A partnership with the Ministry of the Environment to stop illegal logging. Listen
Advocacy Tactics
  • How easy do you find it to work together with members of the government to make reform? Listen
  • Do you find it most effective to work on environmental issues at the national levels? Listen
The Access Initiative
  • How has being a member of the TAI network helped IDEA be more effective? Listen
  • Where The Access Initiative network should move in the future. Listen

Freedom of Information Victory in India

By Lalanath de Silva (Posted: January 28, 2008)

For the first time in its ten-year history, the National Environmental Appellate Authority* (NEAA) has overturned a decision by the Government of India, quashing an environmental clearance granted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. In its decision, the Appellate Authority cited a failure of public participation and access to information.

On December 19, 2007, the NEAA quashed environmental clearance for the Polavaram Multipurpose project granted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The project, which would have displaced close to 3000 families (totaling about 200,000 people) in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Chattisgarh, was to have included a hydroelectric power component of 960 MW and irrigation facilities. The project was proposed by the State of Andrah Pradesh.

The project was opposed by civil society organizations on the grounds that the required Environmental Impact Assessment had been performed inadequately, and the Ministry of Environment and Forests had failed to conduct any public hearings in the affected States of Orissa and Chattisgarh.

During the hearing, both States contended that the legally required environmental clearance was granted by the Ministry of Environment without considering the opinion of the states though they were affected by submergence.

Immediately after the Appellate Authority’s decision, the State Government (Andrah Pradesh) filed a petition for the Andra Pradesh High Court (the highest court in the State) to review the case. The Court has now temporarily suspended the decision of the Appellate Authority and fixed a hearing for February 11.

The NEAA found that:

  • People to be affected by the project had no access to the executive summary in the notified place
  • People to be affected by the project had no opportunity to participate in public hearings and express their view on the likely environmental impact of the construction of the project

The Appeal against the clearance was filed by Dr R. Sreedhar of Academy for Mountain Environics and represented by Ritwick Dutta. Dutta is a leader of the TAI network in India, and is preparing to launch a formal, TAI assessment of access to justice, public participation, and access to information in Northern India.

*The National Environmental Appellate Authority is the only competent Authority set up by Parliament through an Act to hear appeals from aggrieved/ affected persons against the grant of environmental clearances by the Ministry of Environment and Forests to different projects across the country.

Links

Freedom of Information Victory in Ukraine

By Lalanath De Silva (Posted: December 21, 2007)

An international NGO has set an important precedent for freedom of information in Ukraine by convincing a court that a Parliamentary advisory body should be subject to national freedom of information law.

The NGO Environment-People-Law (EPL)brought the case against the Accounting Chamber – a state body that executes control over the spending of funds from the State Budget on behalf of Ukraine’s Parliament. The Chamber had refused to disclose details about what it found when auditing a construction project partly funded by the government to build the Danube-Black Sea Canal through internationally recognized wetlands.

The Chamber had released some information about their audit, but not the level of detail sought by EPL. The Chamber had argued that the freedom of information law did not apply to them, and that they were only accountable to Parliament. EPL convinced the court that the Accounting Chamber in effect had not only a consulting function for the Parliament of Ukraine, but authority over members of the public as the Chamber owns the information that might be of public interest. The court ordered the Chamber to provide the information requested by EPL.

The ruling has two major implications, though they may not be articulated in the court decision itself. First, the function of investigating State expenditure (including possible corruption) was ruled to be a matter of public interest and public importance. Second, the court’s decision implied that because the Chamber performed a public function, it was subject to the national freedom of information act, even though the advisory group was not a part of the executive branch.

The case is a victory for advocates everywhere of freedom of information in environmental decision-making. A growing body of national laws and courts recognize that the public is entitled to know how tax revenues and aid funds are being spent and whether that expenditure meets accounting standards.

For more information on the case, visit the EPL website.

For background on this struggle, read about Olya Melen, the young EPL lawyer who won the prestigious Goldman Prize.

The Access Initiative (TAI) seeks to ensure that people have a voice in the decisions that affect their environment and their communities. TAI partners promote transparent, participatory, and accountable governance as an essential foundation for sustainable development. To achieve this goal, partners form national coalitions, assess government progress using a common methodology, raise public awareness, and set priorities for improvements in policy and practice. TAI partners in Ukraine have completed two assessments, and the World Bank has recently provided funds that will allow TAI Ukraine to implement Ukraine’s access rights commitments (made to the Partnership for Principle 10) and Aarhus Convention compliance mechanisms.

TAI congratulates EPL on their victory, and looks forward to working with its Ukrainian partners to further improve access rights.